Freakonomics Radio

Sure, we all pay lip service to the Madisonian system of checks and balances. But presidents have been steadily expanding the reach of the job. With an election around the corner, we updated our 2016 conversation with the legal scholar Eric Posner — who has some good news and some not-so-good news about the power of the presidency. (Part one of a two-part series.) SOURCE:Eric Posner RESOURCES:Presidential Leadership and the Separation of PowersDaedalus, The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, EXTRA:Does the President Matter as Much as You Think?Freakonomics Radio

Sixty percent of the jobs that Americans do today didn’t exist in 1940. What happens as our labor becomes more technical and less physical? And what kinds of jobs will exist in the future? SOURCES:David AutorPaula BarmaimonThe New York Times.Ellen GriesedieckAdina LichtmanAvi PopackHuck ScarryJames SuzmanBen Varon RESOURCES:New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940–2018The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Work: A Deep History, from the Stone Age to the Age of Robots, Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do, What Do People Do All Day?, Economic Possibilities for our GrandchildrenAmerican Mural Project EXTRAS:Will the Democrats 'Make America Great Again'?Freakonomics Radio How to Stop Worrying and Love the Robot ApocalypseFreakonomics Radio Did China Eat America’s Jobs?Freakonomics Radio People I (Mostly) Admire.

His research on police brutality and school incentives won him acclaim, but also enemies. He was suspended for two years by Harvard, during which time he took a hard look at corporate diversity programs. As a follow-up to our recent series on the Rooney Rule, we revisit our 2022 conversation with the controversial economist. SOURCE:Roland Fryer RESOURCES:How to Make Up the Covid Learning LossWall Street Journal, Roland Fryer on Better Alternatives to Defunding the PoliceThe Economist, Harvard Suspends Roland Fryer, Star Economist, After Sexual Harassment ClaimsThe New York Times, Why Diversity Programs Fail: And What Works BetterHarvard Business Review, An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of ForceNBER Working Paper, Getting Beneath the Veil of Effective Schools: Evidence from New York CityAmerican Economics Journal, Financial Incentives and Student Achievement: Evidence From Randomized TrialsThe Quarterly Journal of Economics, Toward a Unified Theory of Black AmericaThe New York Times, Equal Opportunity VenturesIntus CareReconstructionSigma Squared EXTRAS:Did the N.F.L. Solve Diversity Hiring?Freakonomics Radio The True Story of the Gender Pay GapFreakonomics Radio Does “Early Education” Come Way Too Late?Freakonomics Radio

What happened when the Rooney Rule made its way from pro football to corporate America? Some progress, some backsliding, and a lot of controversy. (Second in a two-part series.) SOURCES:Tynesia Boyea-RobinsonN. Jeremi DuruHerm EdwardsChristopher RiderJim RooneyScott Shephard RESOURCES:The Social Impact Advantage: Win Customers and Talent By Harnessing Your Business For Good, A Different Way to Win: Dan Rooney’s Story from the Super Bowl to the Rooney Rule, If There’s Only One Woman in Your Candidate Pool, There’s Statistically No Chance She’ll Be HiredHarvard Business Review, Racial Disparity in Leadership: Performance-Reward Bias in Promotions of National Football League CoachesSSRN, Advancing the Ball: Race, Reformation, and the Quest for Equal Coaching Opportunity in the NFL, EXTRAS:Did the N.F.L. Solve Diversity Hiring? (Part 1)Freakonomics Radio When Is a Superstar Just Another Employee?Freakonomics Radio How Much Does Discrimination Hurt the Economy? (Replay)Freakonomics Radio

The biggest sports league in history had a problem: While most of its players were Black, almost none of its head coaches were. So the N.F.L. launched a hiring policy called the Rooney Rule. In the first episode of a two-part series, we look at how the rule succeeded — until it failed. SOURCES:N. Jeremi DuruHerm EdwardsJim Rooney RESOURCES:A Different Way to Win: Dan Rooney's Story from the Super Bowl to the Rooney Rule, For ASU's Herm Edwards, Sports Bubble Helped to Overcome Racism Growing UpThe Arizona Republic, Advancing the Ball: Race, Reformation, and the Quest for Equal Coaching Opportunity in the NFL, Differences in the Success of NFL Coaches by Race, 1990-2002: Evidence of Last Hire, First FireJournal of Sports Economics, EXTRAS:When Is a Superstar Just Another Employee?Freakonomics Radio How Much Does Discrimination Hurt the Economy? (Replay)Freakonomics Radio

We revisit an episode from 2016 that asks: Has our culture’s obsession with innovation led us to neglect the fact that things also need to be taken care of? SOURCES:Martin CasadoRuth Schwartz CowanEdward GlaeserChris LacinakAndrew RussellLawrence SummersLee Vinsel RESOURCES:Hail the MaintainersAeon, A Lesson on Infrastructure From the Anderson Bridge FiascoThe Boston GlobeTriumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier,More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave EXTRAS:Freakonomics Radio Takes to the SkiesFreakonomics Radio Edward Glaeser Explains Why Some Cities Thrive While Others Fade AwayPeople I (Mostly) Admire Why Larry Summers Is the Economist Everyone Hates to LoveFreakonomics Radio

Young people have been reporting a sharp rise in anxiety and depression. This maps neatly onto the global rise of the smartphone. Some researchers are convinced that one is causing the other. But how strong is the evidence? SOURCES:David BlanchflowerLauren OylerAndrew Przybylski RESOURCES:The Declining Mental Health Of The Young And The Global Disappearance Of The Hump Shape In Age In UnhappinessNBER Working Paper, Further Evidence on the Global Decline in the Mental Health of the YoungNBER Working Paper, No Judgment: Essays, To What Extent are Trends in Teen Mental Health Driven by Changes in Reporting?Journal of Human Resources, The Anxious Generation: How the Great Rewiring of Childhood Is Causing an Epidemic of Mental Illness, Global Well-Being and Mental Health in the Internet AgeClinical Psychological Science, Are Mental Health Awareness Efforts Contributing to the Rise in Reported Mental Health Problems? A Call to Test the Prevalence Inflation HypothesisNew Ideas in Psychology, The Association Between Adolescent Well-Being and Digital Technology UseNature Human Behaviour, iGen: Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy — and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood — and What That Means for the Rest of Us, EXTRAS:Are You Caught in a Social Media Trap?Freakonomics Radio Are We Getting Lonelier?No Stupid Questions Is Facebook Bad for Your Mental Health?Freakonomics, M.D.

Only a tiny number of “supertaskers” are capable of doing two things at once. The rest of us are just making ourselves miserable, and less productive. How can we put the — hang on a second, I've just got to get this. Come see Stephen Dubner live! “A Questionable Evening: A strategic interrogation from two people who ask questions for a living,” featuring Stephen Dubner and PJ Vogt from Search Engine. Thursday, Sept. 26th, at the Bell House in Brooklyn, NY. https://www.eventbrite.com/e/a-questionable-evening-evening-with-stephen-dubner-and-pj-vogt-tickets-1002544747327 SOURCES:Olivia GraceGloria MarkDavid Strayer RESOURCES:Immersion in Nature Enhances Neural Indices of Executive AttentionNature: Scientific Reports, Contribution to the Study on the ‘Right to Disconnect’ From Work. Are France and Spain Examples for Other Countries and E.U. Law?European Labour Law Journal, Task Errors by Emergency Physicians Are Associated With Interruptions, Multitasking, Fatigue and Working Memory Capacity: A Prospective, Direct Observation StudyBMJ Quality & Safety, Supertaskers: Profiles in Extraordinary Multitasking AbilityPsychonomic Bulletin & Review, The Effects of Video Game Playing on Attention, Memory, and Executive ControlActa Psychologica, 'Constant, Constant, Multi-Tasking Craziness': Managing Multiple Working SpheresProceedings of the 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI, EXTRAS:Why Is the U.S. So Good at Killing Pedestrians?Freakonomics Radio Why Did You Marry That Person?Freakonomics Radio How Much Should We Be Able to Customize Our World?No Stupid Questions

Educators and economists tell us all the reasons college enrollment has been dropping, especially for men, and how to stop the bleeding. (Part 3 of our series from 2022, “Freakonomics Radio Goes Back to School.”) SOURCES:Zachary BleemerD'Wayne EdwardsCatharine HillPano KanelosAmalia MillerDonald RuffMorton SchapiroRuth SimmonsMiguel Urquiola RESOURCES:What Gay Men’s Stunning Success Might Teach Us About the Academic Gender GapThe Washington PostWe Can't Wait for Universities to Fix Themselves. So We're Starting a New OneCommon SenseAcademic Freedom in Crisis: Punishment, Political Discrimination, and Self-CensorshipA Generation of American Men Give Up on College: ‘I Just Feel Lost’The Wall Street JournalCommunity Colleges and Upward MobilityNBER Working PaperElite Schools and Opting In: Effects of College Selectivity on Career and Family OutcomesNBER Working PaperLeaving Boys Behind: Gender Disparities in High Academic AchievementNBER Working Paper EXTRAS:Freakonomics Radio Goes Back to SchoolFreakonomics Radio 'If We’re All in It for Ourselves, Who Are We?'Freakonomics Radio

Stephen Dubner appears as a guest on Fail Better, a new podcast hosted by David Duchovny. The two of them trade stories about failure, and ponder the lessons that success could never teach. SOURCES:David Duchovny RESOURCES:Martin Seligman and the Rise of Positive PsychologyHumanities, Rick Reilly: ‘Donald Trump Will Cheat You on the Golf Course and Then Buy You LunchThe Guardian, How The X-Files Invented Modern TelevisionVox, Happiness & the GorillaNo Mercy/No Malice, EXTRAS:Fail Better with David Duchovny,How to Succeed at FailingFreakonomics Radio Annie Duke Thinks You Should QuitPeople I (Mostly) Admire The Upside of QuittingFreakonomics Radio

America’s top colleges are facing record demand. So why don’t they increase supply? (Part 2 of our series from 2022, “Freakonomics Radio Goes Back to School.”) SOURCES:Peter BlairZachary BleemerAmalia MillerMorton SchapiroMiguel Urquiola RESOURCES:Elite Schools and Opting In: Effects of College Selectivity on Career and Family OutcomesJournal of Labor EconomicsWhy Don’t Elite Colleges Expand Supply?NBER Working PaperLori Loughlin Pleads Guilty via Zoom in College Admissions CaseThe New York TimesMarkets, Minds, and Money: Why America Leads the World in University ResearchTo Cheat and Lie in L.A.: How the College-Admissions Scandal Ensnared the Richest Families in Southern CaliforniaVanity FairThe Case Against Education: Why the Education System Is a Waste of Time and MoneyThe World Might Be Better Off Without College for EveryoneThe AtlanticAre Tenure Track Professors Better Teachers?NBER Working PaperEstimating the Payoff to Attending a More Selective College: An Application of Selection on Observables and UnobservablesNBER Working PaperReport on the University’s Role in Political and Social Action EXTRAS:What Exactly Is College For? (Update)Freakonomics Radio

We think of them as intellectual enclaves and the surest route to a better life. But U.S. colleges also operate like firms, trying to differentiate their products to win market share and prestige points. In the first episode of a special series originally published in 2022, we ask what our chaotic system gets right — and wrong. (Part 1 of “Freakonomics Radio Goes Back to School.”) SOURCES:Peter BlairCatharine HillMorton SchapiroRuth SimmonsMiguel Urquiola RESOURCES:Progressivity of Pricing at U.S. Public UniversitiesNBER Working PaperCommunity Colleges and Upward MobilityNBER Working PaperHow HBCUs Can Accelerate Black Economic MobilityMarkets, Minds, and Money: Why America Leads the World in University ResearchMobility Report Cards: The Role of Colleges in Intergenerational MobilityNBER Working Paper EXTRAS:'If We’re All in It for Ourselves, Who Are We?'Freakonomics Radio 'A Low Moment in Higher EducationFreakonomics Radio The $1.5 Trillion Question: How to Fix Student-Loan Debt?Freakonomics RadioWhy Larry Summers Is the Economist Everyone Hates to LoveFreakonomics Radio

There are a lot of factors that go into greatness, many of which are not obvious. As the Olympics come to a close, we revisit a 2018 episode in which top athletes from a variety of sports tell us how they made it, and what they sacrificed. SOURCES:Lance ArmstrongDavid CantonDavid EpsteinDomonique FoxworthJustin HumphriesAndre IngramShawn JohnsonSteve LevittSimone ManuelBrandon McCarthyMike McGlincheyDaryl MoreyLauren MurphyKim NgJJ RedickMikaela ShiffrinMark TeixeiraSudhir VenkateshKerri Walsh-Jennings RESOURCES:Compromising Talent: Issues in Identifying and Selecting Talent in SportQuest, Practice and Play in the Development of German Top-Level Professional Football PlayersEuropean Journal of Sport Science, The Sports Gene, The Effect of Deliberate Play on Tactical Performance in BasketballPerceptual and Motor Skills, EXTRAS:The Hidden Side of SportsFreakonomics Radio How to Become Great at Just About AnythingFreakonomics Radio

Tania Tetlow, a former federal prosecutor and now the president of Fordham University, thinks the modern campus could use a dose of old-fashioned values. SOURCE:Tania Tetlow RESOURCES:Not a Priest, Not a Man, but Ready to Run FordhamThe New York Times, Tech Glitch Upends Financial Aid for About a Million StudentsThe Wall Street Journal, Where Protesters on U.S. Campuses Have Been Arrested or DetainedThe New York Times, 15 Arrested as NYPD Clears Protester Encampment at Fordham's Lincoln Center CampusNBC News, Inside the Week That Shook Columbia UniversityThe New York Times, Address of his Holiness Pope Francis to the Members of the Blanquerna — Universitat Ramón Llull Foundation, BarcelonaThe Holy See Press Office BulletinWhy Don’t Elite Colleges Expand Supply?NBER Working Paper, EXTRAS:Freakonomics Radio Goes Back to SchoolFreakonomics Radio

It’s not oil or water or plutonium — it’s human hours. We've got an idea for putting them to use, and for building a more human-centered economy. But we need your help. SOURCES:Nathan DietzAl RothKrista Wyatt Timebanks.orgAndrew Yang RESOURCES:The Employment Effects of a Guaranteed Income: Experimental Evidence from Two U.S. StatesNBER Working Paper, Where Are America's VolunteersBelieve in PeopleThe Pencil, No More Throw-Away People: The Co-Production Imperative, Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource-Time-Into Personal Security and Community Renewal, EXTRAS:Why Don’t We Have Better Candidates for President?Freakonomics Radio Andrew Yang Is Not Giving Up on Politics — or the U.S. — YetPeople I (Mostly) Admire The Future of New York City Is in Question. Could Andrew Yang Be the Answer?Freakonomics Radio Why Is This Man Running for President? (Update)Freakonomics Radio Make Me a MatchFreakonomics Radio

A new proposal from the Biden administration calls for a nationwide cap on rent increases. Economists think that’s a terrible idea. We revisit a 2019 episode to hear why. SOURCES:Tommy AnderssonVicki BeenRebecca DiamondDavid EisenbachEd Glaeser RESOURCES:The State of the Nation's Housing 2024The Effects of Rent Control Expansion on Tenants, Landlords, and Inequality: Evidence from San FranciscoAmerican Economic ReviewHousing Market Spillovers: Evidence from the End of Rent Control in Cambridge, MassachusettsJournal of Political EconomyAn Econometric Analysis of Rent ControlJournal of Political EconomyRoofs or Ceilings?: The Current Housing Problem

That’s the worry. Even the humble eyeglass industry is dominated by a single firm. We look into the global spike in myopia, how the Lemtosh got its name, and what your eye doctor knows that you don’t. (Part two of a two-part series.) SOURCES:Maria LiuHarvey MoscotZachary MoscotCédric RossiTim Wu RESOURCES:Meta in Talks to Buy Stake in Eyewear Giant EssilorLuxotticaThe Wall Street Journal, The Story Behind Soaring Myopia Among KidsBody Electric, Why So Many People Need Glasses NowVox, Eyes on World Sight: Taking Action to Advance Eye Health in ChinaGlobal Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050Ophthalmology, Increased Prevalence of Myopia in the United States Between 1971-1972 and 1999-2004Archives of Ophthalmology, EXTRAS:The Economics of EyeglassesFreakonomics Radio

A single company, EssilorLuxottica, owns so much of the eyewear industry that it’s hard to escape their gravitational pull — or their “obscene” markups. Should regulators do something? Can Warby Parker steal market share? And how did Ray-Bans become a luxury brand? (Part one of a two-part series.) SOURCES:Neil BlumenthalDave GilboaJessica GlasscockNeil HandleyRyan McDevittCédric RossiTim Wu RESOURCES:Leonardo Del Vecchio Dies at 87; Transformed Eyeglass IndustryThe New York Times, Making a Spectacle: A Fashionable History of Glasses, Dave Gilboa and Neil Blumenthal: ‍A Vision for BusinessCNBC, The Roots of Big Tech Run Disturbingly DeepThe New York Times, The Spectacular Power of Big LensThe Guardian, The Curse of Bigness: Antitrust in the New Gilded Age, Statement of the Federal Trade Commission Concerning the Proposed Acquisition of Luxottica Group S.p.A. by Essilor International (Compagnie Generale d’Optique) S.A.Cult Eyewear: The World's Enduring Classics, A Far-Sighted Man, EXTRAS:Direct-to-Consumer MattressesThe Economics of Everyday Things Are Two C.E.O.s Better Than One?Freakonomics Radio Are We in a Mattress-Store Bubble?Freakonomics Radio

You wouldn’t think you could win a Nobel Prize for showing that humans tend to make irrational decisions. But that’s what Richard Thaler has done. In an interview from 2018, the founder of behavioral economics describes his unlikely route to success; his reputation for being lazy; and his efforts to fix the world — one nudge at a time. SOURCES:Richard Thaler RESOURCES:Behavioral EconomicsThe Past, Present, and Future of Economics: A Celebration of the 125-Year Anniversary of the JPE and of Chicago EconomicsMisbehaving: The Making of Behavioral EconomicsNudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, EXTRAS:Farewell to a Generational TalentFreakonomics Radio Why Is Richard Thaler Such a ****ing Optimist?People I (Mostly) Admire All You Need Is NudgeFreakonomics Radio How to Launch a Behavior-Change RevolutionFreakonomics Radio How To Win A Nobel PrizeFreakonomics Radio The Big Short,

Daniel Kahneman left his mark on academia (and the real world) in countless ways. A group of his friends and colleagues recently gathered in Chicago to reflect on this legacy — and we were there, with microphones. SOURCES:Maya Bar-HillelShane FrederickThomas GilovichMatt KillingsworthBarbara MellersEldar ShafirRichard Thaler RESOURCES:Experienced Well-Being Rises With Income, Even Above $75,000 Per YearPNAS, The False Allure of Fast LuresJudgment and Decision Making, Learning Psychology From Riddles: The Case of StumpersJudgment and Decision Making, Thinking, Fast and Slow, High Income Improves Evaluation of Life but Not Emotional Well-BeingPNAS, Varieties of Regret: A Debate and Partial ResolutionPsychological Review, Some Counterfactual Determinants of Satisfaction and RegretWhat Might Have Been: The Social Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking, EXTRAS:Remembering Daniel KahnemanPeople I (Mostly) Admire Academic FraudFreakonomics Radio Here’s Why All Your Projects Are Always Late — and What to Do About ItFreakonomics Radio The Men Who Started a Thinking RevolutionFreakonomics Radio